Top Essay Writer Australia Team

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Top Essay Writer Australia Team

Top Essay Writer Australia Team We respect your deadlines, all the time ready to stroll the additional mile that can assist you match within the schedule. To score seventy five% and above, we give you an academic paper writer with expertise, credentials, diploma, and a robust command of English. Nothing offers your professor incentive to fail you like a paper that isn’t nicely-researched or one which doesn’t even show any level of understanding on the essay or analysis topic. Ask about earlier experience, discuss the paper’s details, and find out any necessary info. Also, you'll be able to ask for a free preview of your paper completely free of charge. Every writer responds to the client’s messages promptly in a lenient and cheerful style. Our aim is to make sure you get the exact kind of paper you initially needed! It implies prime quality, swift supply, and full confidentiality. Hire a proficient online essay writer in lower than a minute and overlook about a composition till it’s delivered to your Customer space on our web site. Authentic texts guarantee that there’s no cheating involved, whereas your educational integrity stays sturdy. More than 96% or orders arrive on time or beforehand. Such a turnaround is probably the best among all of the essay services so far. they wrote my essay that was due in 10 hours and literally saved my life. the value was okay contemplating the urgency of my order. Assign free revisions to make a paper even higher. Re-selling or rewriting old papers has nothing to do with Grade Miners. We provide college students with real papers which might be one-of-a-type and have no doubles. It’s all the time a good idea to inquire about your future author. The most necessary thing is that Grade Miners are actual human writers with the mandatory skills and writing expertise. You need to provide your self ample time to know the subject before you'll be able to even begin the writing. Plan your paper from starting to finish before you begin writing; most students normally spend an excessive amount of time either researching, writing or doing editing. Creating a draft or a top level view is important as you basically create a Work Breakdown Structure. This outline will act as a examine in order that you know the way much time is allotted to each task. They delivered my paper on time, however the last paragraph didn’t really meet my requirements. Our writers can full a standard essay for you within 1-3 hours and a part of a dissertation â€" in 2-5 days. Grade Miners will take good care of your essays and analysis papers, whilst you’re enjoying your day. If you want more information about the writer, you'll be able to contact them personally via on-line chat. I had my doubts after I first filled in the order kind. After all, we are often informed you could by no means get a prime paper for sale. The author convinced me that the paper is going to be 100% unique, so I decided not to waste time. A PRO Masters degree writer will do your essay in 3-6 hours. Although we attempt to write down essay duties on time, you could request a evaluation of the paper before we obtain the doc. Customers who wish to change the construction of the text are entitled to get a free revision. This is a bulletproof way to make shoppers come again for more. We’ll use a transparent language, stable academic phrases, solely confirmed information, and related citations. Your paper will stand out from the rest of the works submitted by peers thanks to a high writing high quality and engaging content material, topic-savvy content material. If yours isn’t on the record on the order web page, then select “Other.” In turn, we’ll match you with a topic-related essay author who’ll be capable of help along with your homework assignment. Our penmen are the best within the industry, figuring out tips on how to extinguish burning deadlines and study in-depth, thoughts-boggling topics.

Pay For Essays Online

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How Can I Find An Online Essay Writer? <P><

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Essay Writing Service

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Essayteach

Essayteach Being Ivy League graduates, our editors know what to focus on in writing and the way to make your voice shine by way of your software essay. Our consultants are ready that can assist you with brainstorming, proofreading, and enhancing to make your writing concise, persuasive, and original. Sharing your doc with our best essay modifying service, you ensure your self with the awareness that your doc is in good skilled hands. Searching for highest quality essays has on no account been a painless work. If you occur to be nonetheless not absolutely sure if you know how to put in writing an essay introduction that works, why not have a single of our Kibin editors simply take a glance at your paper? Susan M. Inez is a professor of English and crafting goddess primarily based out of the Northeast. Finally, what would it not imply to decolonize the canon, particularly, the canon of essay writing places Montaigne at its foundations and inscribes Woolf on the summit? That is expounded to specific aspects of social, financial, philosophical, or technological paradigms. If you’re on a price range, you then would possibly wish to contemplate working with a gaggle of article writers as a substitute of hiring one. It’s a good suggestion before making a alternative to discuss your needs. So you'll be able to examine the talents of every essay author get the help of someone that has experience in your field. Friends shared my essay to their friends as a result of something about it spoke to them. Even if the impact was just a handful of people, I’m joyful that a handful of people know more about OCD now than they did before. ast week, I had the honour of being a finalist for the Inspired Writer and Writing Co-operative’s 2020 Personal Essay Challenge. In return for the appellant assuming such liability, a customer pays the appellant a sum of cash. Moreover, the phrases of that authorized relationship are consistent with business and financial reality. Individual and community, place and land, the passage of time, all are gathered collectively in the beautiful vessel, which is each one and many . EssayEdge has already helped 1000's of scholars by enhancing their private statements. It is about reparations, self-authorities, and autonomy. Weâ€"by which I imply settler people, those who aren't native to these territoriesâ€"should be ready to surrender issues so as to embrace decolonization. Yet these essays, these baskets, usually are not all examples of a single type. I firmly believe you don’t have to be a swashbuckling, world-touring, tiger-taming, booze-swigging, lady/man/whatever-izing Super Interesting Person to write down a compelling private essay. In fact, some of the most compelling memoir type writing I’ve read comes from regular people doing regular issues â€" it’s the way they inform their tales that draws readers in. I smiled as the responses to my essay got here rolling in. People thanked me for sharing my experience and for helping them understand the OCD folks of their lives. Pursuant to the author's contract, a writer transferred the whole copyright in the related educational work to the appellant. Having divested itself of that copyright, a writer would be incapable of providing any licence to use that work to a scholar, or indeed to anyone else. The company argued that VAT solely utilized to its companies as a writing agency. The company would then value the job and certainly one of its freelance writers would produce the work. Washuta and Warburton lay out a path for “the process of decolonization” through their account of the “exquisite vessel.” Yet we should additionally keep in mind that decolonization, as Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang have influentially argued, is not a metaphor; it is about land and water, actual things in the real world. Those helping arms will offer you the best recommendation. You ought to solely take heed to what they should say to improve your abilities. The essay writing assistance will go through every line. They can fall into the catch-all “inventive non-fiction” basket, which continues to be accepted in lots of literary magazines on the lookout for art writing. Sometimes, I write personal essays for the sheer purpose of organizing my ideas. You could have the peace of thoughts, which comes from the attention that you've prevented grammatical and technical mistakes. You can rest assured figuring out that the flow and elegance of your private statement or one other admission document shall be on the best degree and all the errors will be caught. Find out different writers as being round them will help to internalize the idea. When you need assistance with an essay writing, many consultants will provide you with the essential methods given under.

Essayteach

Essayteach Being Ivy League graduates, our editors know what to focus on in writing and the way to make your voice shine by way of your software essay. Our consultants are ready that can assist you with brainstorming, proofreading, and enhancing to make your writing concise, persuasive, and original. Sharing your doc with our best essay modifying service, you ensure your self with the awareness that your doc is in good skilled hands. Searching for highest quality essays has on no account been a painless work. If you occur to be nonetheless not absolutely sure if you know how to put in writing an essay introduction that works, why not have a single of our Kibin editors simply take a glance at your paper? Susan M. Inez is a professor of English and crafting goddess primarily based out of the Northeast. Finally, what would it not imply to decolonize the canon, particularly, the canon of essay writing places Montaigne at its foundations and inscribes Woolf on the summit? That is expounded to specific aspects of social, financial, philosophical, or technological paradigms. If you’re on a price range, you then would possibly wish to contemplate working with a gaggle of article writers as a substitute of hiring one. It’s a good suggestion before making a alternative to discuss your needs. So you'll be able to examine the talents of every essay author get the help of someone that has experience in your field. Friends shared my essay to their friends as a result of something about it spoke to them. Even if the impact was just a handful of people, I’m joyful that a handful of people know more about OCD now than they did before. ast week, I had the honour of being a finalist for the Inspired Writer and Writing Co-operative’s 2020 Personal Essay Challenge. In return for the appellant assuming such liability, a customer pays the appellant a sum of cash. Moreover, the phrases of that authorized relationship are consistent with business and financial reality. Individual and community, place and land, the passage of time, all are gathered collectively in the beautiful vessel, which is each one and many . EssayEdge has already helped 1000's of scholars by enhancing their private statements. It is about reparations, self-authorities, and autonomy. Weâ€"by which I imply settler people, those who aren't native to these territoriesâ€"should be ready to surrender issues so as to embrace decolonization. Yet these essays, these baskets, usually are not all examples of a single type. I firmly believe you don’t have to be a swashbuckling, world-touring, tiger-taming, booze-swigging, lady/man/whatever-izing Super Interesting Person to write down a compelling private essay. In fact, some of the most compelling memoir type writing I’ve read comes from regular people doing regular issues â€" it’s the way they inform their tales that draws readers in. I smiled as the responses to my essay got here rolling in. People thanked me for sharing my experience and for helping them understand the OCD folks of their lives. Pursuant to the author's contract, a writer transferred the whole copyright in the related educational work to the appellant. Having divested itself of that copyright, a writer would be incapable of providing any licence to use that work to a scholar, or indeed to anyone else. The company argued that VAT solely utilized to its companies as a writing agency. The company would then value the job and certainly one of its freelance writers would produce the work. Washuta and Warburton lay out a path for “the process of decolonization” through their account of the “exquisite vessel.” Yet we should additionally keep in mind that decolonization, as Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang have influentially argued, is not a metaphor; it is about land and water, actual things in the real world. Those helping arms will offer you the best recommendation. You ought to solely take heed to what they should say to improve your abilities. The essay writing assistance will go through every line. They can fall into the catch-all “inventive non-fiction” basket, which continues to be accepted in lots of literary magazines on the lookout for art writing. Sometimes, I write personal essays for the sheer purpose of organizing my ideas. You could have the peace of thoughts, which comes from the attention that you've prevented grammatical and technical mistakes. You can rest assured figuring out that the flow and elegance of your private statement or one other admission document shall be on the best degree and all the errors will be caught. Find out different writers as being round them will help to internalize the idea. When you need assistance with an essay writing, many consultants will provide you with the essential methods given under.

Essayteach

Essayteach Being Ivy League graduates, our editors know what to focus on in writing and the way to make your voice shine by way of your software essay. Our consultants are ready that can assist you with brainstorming, proofreading, and enhancing to make your writing concise, persuasive, and original. Sharing your doc with our best essay modifying service, you ensure your self with the awareness that your doc is in good skilled hands. Searching for highest quality essays has on no account been a painless work. If you occur to be nonetheless not absolutely sure if you know how to put in writing an essay introduction that works, why not have a single of our Kibin editors simply take a glance at your paper? Susan M. Inez is a professor of English and crafting goddess primarily based out of the Northeast. Finally, what would it not imply to decolonize the canon, particularly, the canon of essay writing places Montaigne at its foundations and inscribes Woolf on the summit? That is expounded to specific aspects of social, financial, philosophical, or technological paradigms. If you’re on a price range, you then would possibly wish to contemplate working with a gaggle of article writers as a substitute of hiring one. It’s a good suggestion before making a alternative to discuss your needs. So you'll be able to examine the talents of every essay author get the help of someone that has experience in your field. Friends shared my essay to their friends as a result of something about it spoke to them. Even if the impact was just a handful of people, I’m joyful that a handful of people know more about OCD now than they did before. ast week, I had the honour of being a finalist for the Inspired Writer and Writing Co-operative’s 2020 Personal Essay Challenge. In return for the appellant assuming such liability, a customer pays the appellant a sum of cash. Moreover, the phrases of that authorized relationship are consistent with business and financial reality. Individual and community, place and land, the passage of time, all are gathered collectively in the beautiful vessel, which is each one and many . EssayEdge has already helped 1000's of scholars by enhancing their private statements. It is about reparations, self-authorities, and autonomy. Weâ€"by which I imply settler people, those who aren't native to these territoriesâ€"should be ready to surrender issues so as to embrace decolonization. Yet these essays, these baskets, usually are not all examples of a single type. I firmly believe you don’t have to be a swashbuckling, world-touring, tiger-taming, booze-swigging, lady/man/whatever-izing Super Interesting Person to write down a compelling private essay. In fact, some of the most compelling memoir type writing I’ve read comes from regular people doing regular issues â€" it’s the way they inform their tales that draws readers in. I smiled as the responses to my essay got here rolling in. People thanked me for sharing my experience and for helping them understand the OCD folks of their lives. Pursuant to the author's contract, a writer transferred the whole copyright in the related educational work to the appellant. Having divested itself of that copyright, a writer would be incapable of providing any licence to use that work to a scholar, or indeed to anyone else. The company argued that VAT solely utilized to its companies as a writing agency. The company would then value the job and certainly one of its freelance writers would produce the work. Washuta and Warburton lay out a path for “the process of decolonization” through their account of the “exquisite vessel.” Yet we should additionally keep in mind that decolonization, as Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang have influentially argued, is not a metaphor; it is about land and water, actual things in the real world. Those helping arms will offer you the best recommendation. You ought to solely take heed to what they should say to improve your abilities. The essay writing assistance will go through every line. They can fall into the catch-all “inventive non-fiction” basket, which continues to be accepted in lots of literary magazines on the lookout for art writing. Sometimes, I write personal essays for the sheer purpose of organizing my ideas. You could have the peace of thoughts, which comes from the attention that you've prevented grammatical and technical mistakes. You can rest assured figuring out that the flow and elegance of your private statement or one other admission document shall be on the best degree and all the errors will be caught. Find out different writers as being round them will help to internalize the idea. When you need assistance with an essay writing, many consultants will provide you with the essential methods given under.

Biosocial Criminology Between Genetics & Criminal Behavior - 275 Words

Biosocial Criminology: The Link Between Genetics & Criminal Behavior (Term Paper Sample) Content: Biosocial CriminologyStudent Name:Course CodeInstitution:Beaver, (2013) Asserts that research in the field of biological criminology indicate that genetically violent behavior come as a result of genetics. When people go through stressful situations, there happens to be a rise in the amount of neurotransmitters that assists in the fight against stress. Criminologists believe that through genetics it is possible to determine who commits a crime (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011).Evidence pertaining to the biological/genetic contributors to self-control (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011)Through a genetic disorder, an individual is subjected to an aggressive behavior that may cause the individual to commit a crime. Genetics also determines given levels of self control. According to Pratt, Turner Piquero, (2004), improper child rearing procedures may lead to low self-control behavior. . This goes to show that self control has a link to genetic/biological components. Research indicat es that inheritance of some criminal behavior may indeed have some genetic effects. Hyperactivity disorder affects self control in a number of ways. This also means that some body types are associated with certain lifestyles. An individuals physical structure can easily determine the kind of crime he will commit (Beaver, 2013).Is Parental Socialization the only cause of variation in self-control?Pratt, Turner Piquero, (2004) believe that when an individual has low self control, this deficiency can be traced back to lack of it in early childhood. Low self control is an indication of poor discipline and lack of enough nurturance and parental guidance. Self-control can be acquired through socialization where lack of it indicates low-self control. Beaver, (2013) acknowledges that parents have been blamed as the main causes of low self control due to poor childbearing. Through consistent discipline, affection and supervision, parent can develop self control in their children (Pratt, Tu rner, Piq...

The Vietnam War Essay - 2334 Words

The Vietnam War was a war between the Capitalist United States and the Communist North Vietnamese army. This war started in 1964 and it ended in 1975, when the US withdrew its soldiers. The US joined the war to stop the spreading of Communism, because they didnÂ’t want Russia to gain more allies, as they had been in a cold war with them for years. In my opinion, an event is significant if it is still remembered today, meaning that it is used in films, written about in books, and when people watch these films or read books, it could raise issues in their mind which also makes an event significant. If it was really important at the time, like all the soldiers died, which was only important to the US and Vietnam at the time but as for the†¦show more content†¦At the time of the war, a lot of people disagreed with it because many people died and got injured but the USA wasnÂ’t making any progress, just throwing money out the window and sending soldiers to death. This led t o protests all over the USA, where hundreds of thousands of people turned up to show that they were against the war and didnÂ’t support the US anymore. This is shown in Source 1 which is a picture of the anti-war protests in Washington. The biggest protests were in Washington at the White House, where more than 1 million people showed up. This definitely had a huge impact in the short term as the Government and the president didnÂ’t want to be unpopular, and actually changed their policy towards Vietnam, partially as a result of the protests I donÂ’t think it had a big impact the long term as people donÂ’t protest about the Vietnam War anymore, or talk about it as much as they did at the time of the war. This shows that the significance of the war has decreased over time in the USA. The war with Vietnam cost the US about 130 billion dollars. Most of this money was taken from tax payers who worked hard for their money but then part of it was taken away for a War that most people didnÂ’t want to be involved in or support it (these also caused protests). This meant that places like hospitals, schools etc. didnÂ’t get money from Government and had a decrease in their income. TheShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). 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Ethical and Professional Conflicts in Correctional Psychology free essay sample

Ethical and Professional Conflicts in Correctional Psychology Linda E. Weinberger and Shoba Sreenivasan The role of the mental health professional in a prison setting has changed to reflect the prevailing ideology of the correctional administration that deemphasizes treatment and emphasizes security and custodial concerns. As a consequence, mental health professionals who work in corrections have experienced unique ethical and professional conflicts. Standards were developed to address the conflicts and provide guidelines for professional conduct, but dilemmas continue to exist. The authors believe this can be attributed to (a) the standards being vague and (b) correctional personnel not understanding or supporting the standards or the psychologists role as a mental health professional. This article examines these propositions in more detail, using vignettes and discussion, and offers other approaches to resolving the dilemmas and improving the delivery of mental health services to incarcerated individuals. could be achieved through solitude, hard labor, and contemplation of ones criminal acts. The mainstays of this rehabilitation evolved into the penitentiary stage of corrections. Strong opposition developed against the hardships of this mode of rehabilitation, and the late 19th century heralded the reformatory era. Reforms included the use of indeterminate sentences, parole, vocational training, and a system to reward good behavior with early release. An additional reform advocated was that of individualized treatment. From the early to the mid-20th century, psychological interventions were based on the medical or treatment model. Through the 1940s and 1950s, the Federal Bureau of Prisons actively engaged the use of psychologists and psychiatrists to rehabilitate prisoners (Roth, 1986). Initially, mental health professionals focused on the treatment of the individual inmate toward the goal of psychological behavioral changes (Adams, 1985). This medical model or treatment approach became tarnished somewhat in the 1960s and much more appreciably so in the 1970s and 1980s. There were many reasons for this, not the least of which was the failure of such efforts to significantly lower recidivism rates (Roth, 1986). Consequently, the role of the mental health professional changed to better reflect the prevailing ideology of the correctional administration (viz. , deemphasizing treatment of the individual and emphasizing security of the institution as well as protecting the community at large; Board Approves, 1989; Ochipinti Boston, 1987). Historical Perspective Mental health professionals who work in corrections have experienced ethical and professional conflicts that are unique to these institutions. Appreciating the mental health professionals role within a prison entails an examination of how our society has treated those who violate the law. Historically, most societies have adopted a philosophy that those individuals who commit criminal acts should be punished. Modern Western judicial systems have justified their use of punishment on four major grounds: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation (Grilliot, 1983; Kerper, 1972). Retribution has Biblical roots referring to an eye for an eye. Deterrence operates from the core belief that those who see individuals punished will be less likely to follow the example of offenders because of the fear of punishment. Incapacitation has as its primary goal the protection of society by rendering offenders unable to repeat the offense. Rehabilitation is conceptualized as treating or correcting offenders so that they can live in society and not reoffend. The theory of rehabilitation is a relatively new objective used to justify punishment and has undergone many reformulations as our societys attitude toward criminal offenders has changed (Travin, 1989). Early American colonists believed that rehabilitation could be accomplished through severe punishment (e. g. , stocks or gallows). It was not until the 18th century that an institution incarcerating offenders was viewed as having correctional properties. Reflecting the largely held Protestant values of the time, it was believed that rehabilitation in such institutions Organizational Models Currently, the delivery of mental health services for individuals sentenced to correctional facilities tends to fall within four basic organizational patterns. The individual may receive treatment under one of the following: (a) in a correctional setting where both the mental health services and security needs are provided by the department of corrections; (b) in a correctional setting where the mental health services are provided by a separately administered mental health agency and security needs are administered by corrections; (c) in a mental health facility (e. g. , a state hospital with a forensic unit) where both the mental health services and security needs are provided by the depart- LINDA E. WEINBERGER is Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the University of Southern California School of Medicine and Chief Psychologist at USC Institute of Psychiatry, Law and Behavioral Science. SHOBA SREENIVASAN is Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Southern California School of Medicine and StafFPsychologist at West Los Angeles Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THIS ARTICLE should be addressed to Linda E. Weinberger, USC Institute of Psychiatry, Law and Behavioral Science, P. O. Box 86125, Los Angeles, California 90086-0125. 161 162 LINDA E. WEINBERGER AND SHOBA SREENIVASAN ment of mental health; and (d) in a mental health facility where the mental health services are provided by the department of mental health and the security needs are administered by the department of corrections (Nelson Berger, 1988). The states vary with respect to mental health services being provided by a department of mental hygiene versus a department of corrections. In those state systems where mental health services are administered by the department of corrections, the institutions warden has authority over chief psychologists and other mental health departmental heads. A national survey was recently published regarding mental health services (i. e. , 24-hr hospital mental health care, residential treatment programs, counseling/therapy, medication monitoring, and testing/assessment) for state adult correctional facilities (Morrissey, Swanson, Goldstrom, Rudolph, Manderscheid, 1993). The results of the survey found a pattern that as one moves from intensive to less intensive services, the more likely it is that services are provided under the auspices of the individual prison or another State department of corrections (DOC) facility (p. 2). As a large proportion of psychologists tend to provide outpatient care (i. e. , less intensive treatment), this trend suggests that their services to inmates are more likely to fall under the correctional system than the mental health system. The delivery of psychological services within the federal system is managed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. There is an overall chief administrator of psychology located at the central office in Washington, DC. The next level in the organization reflects a division of the states into various regions (e. g. , western, eastern, southern, etc. ) with a regional administrator who oversees the activities of the chief psychologists within the individual federal prisons. Each federal prison has a chief psychologist who supervises the activities of staff psychologists working at that institution. Although the organizational hierarchy in psychology is responsible for providing direction and support for general policy, the actual day-to-day administration of psychological services is directed by the chief psychologist of that prison. In turn, the chief psychologists direct administrator of these services is the associate warden of programs who reports to the warden. Although policies may be formulated at the central office level, the warden of each prison holds the ultimate decision-making authority concerning the implementation of policy inside that facility. In some states as well as in the federal prison system, the justification for placing mental health services under the administration of corrections is that there would be fewer problems and more available resources. For example, psychologists would not be seen as outsiders, and departments of corrections tend to obtain resources more easily than do departments of mental health because of their priority status in getting funds (Levinson, 1985; Nelson Berger, 1988). In addition, if mental health care were delivered within the department of corrections, legal issues regarding the transfer of individuals from the jurisdiction of corrections to mental health would be averted (Vitek v. Jones, 1980). Under these organizational contexts, staff psychologists who encounter ethical dilemmas may seek the support of their professions departmental head. However, given that these psychology administrators do not hold ultimate authority, the dilemmas may not be resolved. This article will primarily focus on those systems where mental health does not function autonomously but under the auspices of corrections. Treatment Versus Security Model The move of correctional institutions from a treatment model to a security model has not always been a comfortable fit for psychologists working in the system. The primary role of mental health professionals as perceived by correctional administrators has evolved into that of applying their expertise and skills to custody matters (viz. , ensuring a compliant and manageable inmate population). Under these conditions, the psychologist is compelled to address the needs of the institution as primary. The United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons offered a good illustration of this. It was mandated that recently hired psychologists attend and successfully complete an intensive training program at Glynco, Georgia, site of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. The 3-week program was titled Introduction to Correctional Techniques (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 1986) and was designed to teach the new employee basic correctional concepts and tasks, which included inmate discipline review, self-defense, use of firearms, and searching for contraband. The basic purpose of this training program was to orient all employees to their custodial-disciplinary roles and duties in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. What was noteworthy about this training program is that no distinction was made between psychologists and other correctional employees. The underlying philosophy was that all employees were considered correctional officers first and foremost. Such expectations of psychologists are not peculiar to the federal system but endemic to most correctional institutions (Board Approves, 1989; Clingempeel, Mulvey, Reppucci, 1980). Consequently, psychologists are expected to engage in custody-oriented activities that may at times undermine the traditional therapeutic goals and relationship between the therapist and the individual inmate, thus causing ethical and professional dilemmas. Over a decade ago, Brodsky (1980) and Clingempeel et al. (1980) described a variety of dilemmas faced by psychologists working in corrections. Some of the dilemmas they discussed were confidentiality, use of psychological assessment, and treatment interventions. The conflicting issues raised by the mental health professionals role as a custodial agent prompted the development of standards specific to correctional mental health. These standards arose from associations such as the American Public Health Association (Dubler, 1986), the American Medical Association (1979), and the American Association of Correctional Psychologists (1980). The areas of confidentiality, professional autonomy, medication, use of involuntary restraints, and licensure requirements were similarly addressed by the various standards. In addition, the standards provided guidelines for professional conduct sensitive to the needs of both mental health and corrections (Levinson, 1985;Travin, 1989). In 1991, Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists was developed by the American Psychological Associations Division 41 in an effort to provide more specific guidelines to forensic psychologists in monitoring their professional conduct when functioning in correctional and forensic mental health facilities, ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL CONFLICTS as well as in other areas of forensic professional practice (Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, p. 655). The creation of this standard plus the addition of Forensic Activities in the American Psychological Associations Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (1992) illustrate the growth of psychologists engaging in forensic work and the need for guidance in performing ethically and toward the highest ideals of psychology. Despite the existence of the various standards, many ethical and professional dilemmas continue to plague psychologists working in corrections. This is particularly so if mental health does not function independently but under the administration of the department of corrections. We believe this can be attributed to the following: (a) the standards for psychologists are vague and (b) correctional personnel do not understand or support the standards and/or the psychologists role as a mental health professional. The remainder of this article will examine these propositions in more detail using vignettes and discussion. Vignette 1 Psychologist A receives a call in his office from the associate warden, directing him to report to Unit C, where they are short of correctional officers. Psychologist A reports to Unit C and participates in the evening count. Subsequently, he is approached by the captain and directed to perform a search for contraband of the inmates property. The psychologist is also told he will have to pat search all inmates in his section. The psychologist is to seize any contraband and report all infractions to the captain. The above vignette represents an example where the psychologist is asked to perform a correctional officers duties. In examining the various professional associations standards (American Medical Association, 1979; American Association of Correctional Psychologists [AACP], 1980; Dubler, 1986), there is no clear statement as to the circumstances under which a psychologist should or should not perform correctional officers tasks. Generally, psychologists who work in correctional institutions accept the importance and primacy of security (Goldstein, 1983). Further, the Bureau of Prisons Psychology Manual (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 1987) states that under emergency situations psychologists function first and foremost as correctional workers (Sec. 3. 4). However, under nonemergency conditions, the manual cautions psychologists to avoid violations of the American Psychological Associations Ethical Standards (American Psychological Association [APA], 1989). In that the manual does not define or describe what situation constitutes an emergency for psychologists assuming correctional duties, this allows a wide range of events to be interpreted as emergencies. The scenario we described is one where the unit is short-staffed and correctional officers tasks need to be fulfilled for security purposes. Does this represent an emergency situation condoning the captains request for the psychologist to perform various custodial activities, ranging from an innocuous count to an invasive pat-search and reporting of infractions? As stated earlier, the standards do not specifically address some issues, such as (a) psychologists correctional versus mental health duties and (b) what is meant by an emergency situation for psychologists to perform correctional duties. This state of affairs places clinicians in a no-win position. If clinicians 163 cannot turn to standards to guide them or use the standards to decline participation in potentially dilemmatic activities, the correctional administration may have every right to expect psychologists to cooperate with their requests. Although the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, 1991) was designed for forensic psychologists who may be working in correctional settings, no clear direction is offered to help the psychologist resolve this particular conflict. Some experts such as Clingempeel et al. (1980) have concluded that when the standards do not provide definitive guidelines, psychologists are forced to rely in large measure on personal values. . . in making decisions regarding custody vs. treatment (p. 129). In addition, when mental health professionals engage in correctional duties, the inmates perception of psychologists is affected. Among the costs of engaging in correctional activities is the compromise of psychologists credibility and efficacy. Permitting psychologists to function in dual roles destroys their therapeutic image and thus leaves them being perceived solely as a cop. This is problematic beyond the perhaps esoteric issue of role distortion. Prisons by and large do not have adequate mental health staffing; hence, this practice effectively results in leaving an institution that uses a psychologist as a correctional officer with one more of many other cops and one less of very few clinicians. In our vignette, the short-term gain to the institution of the psychologist who serves custodial needs does not, on balance, outweigh the long-lasting detriment to rehabilitation efforts that could be initiated by psychologists working within their mental health role. We accept that all staff members should function in ways that assure the maintenance of security. It does not seem unreasonable, however, to suggest that psychologists participate in such maintenance only in a manner that is congruent with a more traditional professional role. Vignette 2 Inmate R is scheduled to appear before the prison disciplinary board for having violated the institutions rules. Specifically, Inmate R was verbally abusive to one of the correctional officers and refused to report to her work assignment. This is the third such incident in the last week. If the board decides to impose a disciplinary measure, Inmate R could lose a number of earned good-time days and possibly be placed in administrative segregation. Psychologist B is asked to serve as one of the members of the disciplinary board. The psychologist does not know Inmate R and believes there is no conflict of interest. Many believe that psychologists participation on prison disciplinary boards does not pose an ethical dilemma if there is no dual-role conflict present. A common perception is that as long as the psychologist is not the inmates treating clinician, no dilemma arises in being a decision-maker regarding the inmate. In fact, both the American Public Health Association (Dubler, 1986) and the American Association of Correctional Psychologists (1980) accept mental health professionals functioning as members of decision-making teams when they are not the inmates therapist. The standards, however, do not specifically address the issue of psychologists participating in decisions that result in punishment or discipline for the inmate. For example, prison disciplinary boards could exact measures such as (a) loss 164 LINDA E. WEINBERGER AND SHOBA SREENIVASAN of privileges, (b) loss of earned good time, (c) transfer of the inmate to a high-security institution (e. g. , where more hardcore inmates are housed and the risk of victimization is higher), and (d) placement in solitary confinement for a lengthy period. The standards lack of specificity do not give the psychologist any support or direction in what to do when asked to serve on a disciplinary board. Should the psychologist assume a role where the sole purpose of participation is meting out punishment for the inmate? This does not appear to be in agreement with the American Psychological Associations Ethical Standards (APA, 1989, 1992; Williams, 1986) on psychologists primary commitment to the welfare and protection of individuals. Although the Ethical Standards of the American Psychological Association do not specifically comment on psychologists serving in decision-making roles where an individual could be punished, the standards do endorse psychologists taking reasonable steps to avoid harming their patients or clients. . . and to minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable (APA, 1992, Standard 1. 14). Psychiatrists appear to be excluded from sitting on disciplinary boards because of their credo to do no harm. Further, allowing psychologists to serve on disciplinary boards leads to the breakdown of our unique position to serve only mental health needs. Permitting psychologists to make disciplinary decisions erodes the traditional professional role. This occurs both externally (e. g. , losing credibility among inmates; custody personnel viewing us as primarily correctional workers) as well as internally (e. g. , the psychologist beginning to adopt a jailers mentality). Vague or nonspecific guidelines on this point leave the therapeutically oriented psychologist feeling lost and thwarted. It also grants the correctional administration the ability to influence the naive and pliant psychologist into adopting a disciplinary orientation. The Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists acknowledges that forensic psychologists personal values and moral beliefs may affect their ability to practice competently, and as such, they are obligated to decline participation or to limit their assistance in a manner consistent with professional obligations. (Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, 1991, p. 648). Unfortunately, without a clear prohibition against psychologists serving as punishment/discipline decisionmakers appearing in any of the standards, there is room for interpretation, with the possible result of correctional psychology drawing those attracted toward controlling and punishing inmates rather than those inclined toward understanding and treating them. On the other hand, some might argue that if psychologists serve on a disciplinary board, they could apply their knowledge and expertise to evaluating the inmate. Conceivably then, this could be used to help the inmate. Rather than serving as board members, we believe this desired effect could be similarly achieved if psychologists acted as consultants to the board. However, in accordance with preserving psychologists commitment to maintaining a therapeutic role, their involvement as consultants should only occur at the request of the inmate. Vignette 3 Inmate X has a long history of violent behavior, which has resulted in his current imprisonment. While incarcerated, he has been a model prisoner. Inmate X has now been scheduled for a parole board hearing. Upon reviewing Inmate Xs central file, the warden believes that the inmate is still a dangerous individual who should not be granted parole despite his record of no institutional infractions. Accordingly, the warden requests that Dr. R evaluate Inmate X using psychological tests. The warden would like information about the inmates personality relating to his continued threat to public safety, and he would like this evaluation to be performed without the inmate being informed of its purpose because he believes Inmate X might otherwise refuse to participate in the evaluation. The identification of dangerousness by mental health professionals has remained a much-debated issue. There are, however, a sizable number of clinicians who assert that through proper training, education, and experience, they can identify those features relevant to an individuals threat of harm. One means of accomplishing such an evaluation would be through a thorough clinical interview, review and consideration of collateral sources of information, and the administration of select psychological measures. In this scenario, the wardens concern revolves around the issue of release of an individual whom he considers dangerous into the community. The warden, in his quest to obtain all relevant information to the issue of dangerousness for presentation to the parole board, solicits the assistance of the psychologist. The wardens request for such an evaluation is qualitatively no different from commonly accepted requests made by judges to forensic psychologists and psychiatrists for probation and sentencing purposes. Moreover, psychologists and psychiatrists routinely evaluate hospitalized insanity acquittees as to their readiness for release into the community on the basis of their mental condition and the threat of harm to others. Therefore, it is not unreasonable or unrealistic for the warden to anticipate this as a job responsibility for the correctional mental health worker. The problematic element in this scenario refers to the wardens request for a covert evaluation where the inmate is deprived of his right to informed consent. The application of psychologists skills in such an important issue as the identification of dangerousness in an incarcerated individual demands respect and adherence to this fundamental ethical principle; however, an exception to this principle exists. Standards developed for mental health professionals in corrections have defined emergency conditions where one does not need to obtain informed consent prior to evaluation (AACP, 1980; American Medical Association, 1979; American Psychiatric Association, 1989; Dubler, 1986). These standards define the emergency as limited to life-threatening circumstances where there is a risk of escape or the creation of internal disorder or riot (American Psychiatric Association, 1989). We believe that to allow this scenario to fall under this exception would be grossly inappropriate. The issue of informed consent also illustrates a basic difference between the correctional administrator and the mental health worker. For the latter, professional ethics and standards strongly dictate obtaining informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, and discussing the limitations of confidentiality with the client (APA, 1989,1992; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, 1991). Correctional administrators, on the other hand, may not understand the need for this because they are not expected by their colleagues or the inmates to adhere to the above principles. 165 ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL CONFLICTS It is possible that correctional psychologists in certain situations could view themselves as having to function in a role similar to that of correctional administrators and thus justifiably deviate from their professional standards. For example, in this scenario, an argument could be made that by informing the inmate of the nature and purpose of the psychological assessment, one, in essence, sabotages the evaluation. Along these lines, it could be stated that the greater good of protecting public safety outweighs the compromise of informed consent. Ultimately, these arguments would fail because they would not be accepted by the mental health community. Idiosyncratic interpretations by individual clinicians as to what constitutes an exception to confidentiality and informed consent essentially undermine the validity of the written standards and ethics. The credibility of a profession requires that those who identify themselves as belonging to the professional group must respect and adhere to its shared concept of ethical behavior. Confidentiality and informed consent are by definition the cornerstones of psychological practice and our professional identity and therefore must be vigorously protected. Vignette 4 Inmate Y is a 40-year-old individual who has a reported history of suicide attempts while in the community and has obvious scars on his wrists. He is also a known substance abuser. A new policy of monthly urinalysis screens for randomly selected inmates went into effect in the prison. When asked to give a urine sample by Unit Manager S, Inmate Y refused and stated that he is being singled out because the unit manager does not like him. Inmate Y then went to his bunk area and cut his wrists. He was subsequently placed. in the infirmary, where Dr. T, a psychologist, evaluated him. The unit manager told Dr. T that the inmate is a savvy convict who had cut his wrists to avoid the urinalysis. Unit Manager S also suspects that Inmate Y has been involved in smuggling drugs into the institution. The unit manager believes that Inmate Y should be punished for refusing the urinalysis because not to do so would encourage other inmates to also refuse drug testing and possibly use manipulative acts to avoid it. Dr. T identifies Inmate Y as suffering from a borderline personality disorder and recommends that he attend a group therapy program for suicidal inmates. Dr. T also recommends that Inmate Y not be selected in the near future for random drug screens. Unit Manager S informs the warden that he disagrees with Dr. Ts opinions and suggests that the warden veto the doctors recom mendations. This vignette illustrates the different explanations and reactions of correctional staff and mental health professionals to an inmates behavior. Generally, the correctional staffs training and experience lead them to view disruptive behavior as related to criminality and requiring punishment. The clinicians perspective, on the other hand, derives from a treatment model (i. e. , the disruptive behavior represents a symptom in an identifiable disorder that can be treated). Herein lies a basic conflict between corrections and mental health. Several authors have suggested that beyond this custodytreatment dichotomy, other differences also exist. Correctional administrators and workers may view themselves as professional managers whose primary concern involves maintaining security and addressing issues of overcrowding and day-to-day activities of meals, work details, and orderly unit functioning (Smith, 1987). Corrections workers, perhaps rightly, may view themselves as the backbone of the prison, and mental health professionals as playing an ancillary role (Hilkey, 1988). Within this context, psychological symptoms and treatment then may be viewed either as irrelevant or as interfering with the orderly maintenance of an institution. Additionally, if correctional staff perceive disruptive conduct as a manipulative attempt by an inmate to escape punishment, the staff may have a negative reaction to mental health professionals psychologizing the behavior. This in turn may foster a generalization that psychological symptoms are simulated for secondary gain (Adams, 1985; Nelson Berger, 1988). This tendency for the correctional staff to ignore, dismiss, or misidentify problematic behavior may be a function of their lack of training. Moreover, some mental health professionals inclination to label such behavior as always a product of mental illness may reflect their naivete of the prison community. Certainly not all correctional staff are insensitive to psychological symptoms, nor are all clinicians gullible to an offenders con games. In our vignette, however, it appears that the staff from both professions rigidly maintained a unidimensional orientation; viz. , the unit manager viewed the inmates behavior as manipulative, whereas the psychologist considered it a symptom of a psychological disorder. Maintaining an inflexible and stereotypic approach does not encourage the smooth running of an institution. This issue must be remedied through education. Correctional personnel, therefore, should be trained at minimum in basic psychological concepts and symptomatology. Further, clinicians should be aware of correctional practices and priorities as well as understand offenders and their behavior in prison. We, however, are not proposing that psychologists receive training to the extent that they could assume the duties of a correctional officer, nor are we advocating that correctional staff be instructed to such a degree that they could be considered lay mental health practitioners. Rather, both professional groups should be sensitized to and demonstrate

Period of The Zygote free essay sample

The period of the zygote begins at fertilization. After a female egg is fertilized, the resulting one celled organism becomes known as a zygote. Once the egg is fertilized, the zygote begins a two-week period of rapid cell division and will eventually become an embryo. The zygote divides through a process known as mitosis, in which each cell doubles by dividing into two cells. This two-week stage is known as the germinal period of development and covers the time of conception to implantation of the embryo in the uterus. In most cases, each male and female sex cell contains 23 chromosomes. When these two haploid cells join, they form a single diploid cell that contains a total of 46 chromosomes. The zygote begins a journey down the fallopian tube to the uterus where it must implant in the lining in order to obtain the nourishment it needs to grow and survive. The period of the zygote lasts for about four days. We will write a custom essay sample on Period of The Zygote or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Around the fifth day, 60 to 70 cells exist that form a hollow, fluid filled ball called a blastocyst. The embryonic disk will become the new organism; the outer ring will provide protective covering. Implantation occurs sometime between the seventh and ninth day which the blastocyst burrows deep into the lining of the uterus. The amnion is a membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. The fluid functions as a cushion and temperature regulator. The yolk sac produces blood cells until the liver, spleen, and bone marrow mature enough to take over this function. The chorion, a protective membrane develops around the amnion by the end of the second week. The placenta is a special organ that permits food and oxygen to reach the zygote and waste products to be carried away. The umbilical cord connects the placenta to the developing organism. The period of the embryo lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy. The most rapid prenatal changes take place during these six weeks as the groundwork for all body structures and internal organs is begun. During the third week, the embryonic disk folds over to form three cell layers: 1.) Ectoderm- becomes the nervous system and skin. 2.) Mesoderm- from which will develop muscles, skeleton, cardiovascular system, and reproductive system. 3.) Endoderm- becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands. The nervous system develops fastest in the beginning. The neural tube is a primitive spinal cord that forms when the ectoderm folds over. The embryo’s posture becomes more upright. The embryo can move, and it responds to touch, especially in the mouth area and on the soles of the feet. The period of the fetus is the â€Å"growth and finishing† phase that lasts until the end of pregnancy. The third month the organs, muscles, and nervous system organize and connect. By the twelfth week, the external genitals are well-formed, and the sex of the fetus can be determined using ultrasound. Trimesters are three equal time periods in prenatal period, each of which lasts three months. By the middle of the second trimester (which lasts from 13 to 24 weeks), the fetus has grown large enough that the mother cam feel its movements. Vernix is a white cheese like substance that covers the fetus and protects its skin from becoming chapped in the amniotic fluid. Lanugo is a white downy hair that also covers the fetus and helps vernix stick to the skin. At the end of the second trimester all the brain’s neurons have been produced. The fetus can now be both stimulated and irritated by sounds and light. The third trimester is the age of viability, between 22 and 26 weeks, is the age at which the fetus can first survive if born early. The brain continues to make great strides during the last three months. The cerebral cortex enlarges and the fetus spends more time awake. The fetus is also more responsive to external stimulation. The fetus moves less often, because of reduced space and greater ability to inhibit behavior. A layer of fat develops under the skin to assist with temperature regulation. In the last weeks, most fetuses move into an upside-down position.

Free Essays on Homers Portrayal Of Women

In reading Homer's The Odyssey, in order to answer the question of how Homer portrays the women in this epic, we must first determine exactly what the roles of women were and discover Homer's portrayal of them. By drawing conclusions from the text about the views of women held by the author, a bigger picture of the role of women in ancient Greek culture can be drawn. In The Odyssey we learn that women were placed on pedestals, as beautiful creatures, but were often subordinate to men, meaning they had little input and involvement in government, and often had to resort to deceit and trickery to get what they wanted. The glorification of the appearances of women is well illustrated by the way that Athena speaks of the esteem the people hold for Arete, when speaking to Odysseus in Phaeacia. "No lady in the world, no other mistress if a man's household, is honored as our mistress is, and loved, by her own children, by Alcinous, and by the people. When she walks the town murmur and gaze, as though she were a goddess. No grace or wisdom fails in her; indeed just men in quarrels come to her for equity" (Homer p.274). They think this highly of her, and yet, she is a subordinate of Alcinous. Arete is a very powerful woman. She is as powerful as the king, yet he gives orders to Arete, calling her "Lady" (Homer p.292), but commanding her to bring things to make ready for the departure of Odysseus. Like Arete, who is said to look like a god, many other beautiful and high-born women are compared to the gods. " Penelope the Wise, tall in her beauty as Artemis or pale-gold Aphrodite, appeared from her high chamber and came down to throw her arms around her son" (Homer p.318).This adds to the glorification of women in The Odyssey. The beautiful Nausicaa is also hailed as a goddess. "Daughter of great Alkinoos, Nausicaa, may Zeus the lord of thunder, Hera's consort; grant me daybreak again in my own country! But there and all my days until I die may... Free Essays on Homer's Portrayal Of Women Free Essays on Homer's Portrayal Of Women In reading Homer's The Odyssey, in order to answer the question of how Homer portrays the women in this epic, we must first determine exactly what the roles of women were and discover Homer's portrayal of them. By drawing conclusions from the text about the views of women held by the author, a bigger picture of the role of women in ancient Greek culture can be drawn. In The Odyssey we learn that women were placed on pedestals, as beautiful creatures, but were often subordinate to men, meaning they had little input and involvement in government, and often had to resort to deceit and trickery to get what they wanted. The glorification of the appearances of women is well illustrated by the way that Athena speaks of the esteem the people hold for Arete, when speaking to Odysseus in Phaeacia. "No lady in the world, no other mistress if a man's household, is honored as our mistress is, and loved, by her own children, by Alcinous, and by the people. When she walks the town murmur and gaze, as though she were a goddess. No grace or wisdom fails in her; indeed just men in quarrels come to her for equity" (Homer p.274). They think this highly of her, and yet, she is a subordinate of Alcinous. Arete is a very powerful woman. She is as powerful as the king, yet he gives orders to Arete, calling her "Lady" (Homer p.292), but commanding her to bring things to make ready for the departure of Odysseus. Like Arete, who is said to look like a god, many other beautiful and high-born women are compared to the gods. " Penelope the Wise, tall in her beauty as Artemis or pale-gold Aphrodite, appeared from her high chamber and came down to throw her arms around her son" (Homer p.318).This adds to the glorification of women in The Odyssey. The beautiful Nausicaa is also hailed as a goddess. "Daughter of great Alkinoos, Nausicaa, may Zeus the lord of thunder, Hera's consort; grant me daybreak again in my own country! But there and all my days until I die may...

10 things you learned about American history Essay

10 things you learned about American history - Essay Example The document had the traits of democratic principles the country would be based on. Signing of the Declaration marked the end of the war and signaled the desire of the former colony to build its own state. The declaration was a new phenomenon for its times and marked the end of the era of empires. 3. I learned different groups within the same society can have different views on the rights. In this view the history of Mexican-American War is significant because resulted in the acquisition of new territories and marked the nation’s potential for expansion. However, the war was very divisive both in Congress and the society. The war brought the problem of sectionalism to the surface. What is more, the debates in the Congress bore the seeds of growing tensions between northern and southern states concerning their different views on slavery. 4. I learned that from the start the concept of equality was important for the USA. The Civil War became the major conflict caused, among other factors, by the different views on the principles underlying the structure of the society, namely the belief that all men were born equal. The Civil War was the largest military conflict in the history of the country at the time. It was the first occasion when hostilities started because the nation itself was divided and not as a result of the aggression from the outside. For me the Civil War is significant because it led to the abolishment of slavery and the establishment of the society we know today. 5. I learned that in the modern world, there is no such thing as local war. In this view, World War II demonstrated that countries could no longer be isolated. Even though military aggression of Germany and Japan did not pose immediate threat to the US territory, the bombing of Pearl Harbor proved that Nazism endangered all the humanity and concerned every nation. The decision of the US to join the war marked the

Sexuality and the City Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sexuality and the City - Term Paper Example This suggests that individuals are limited by the strictures – in most cultures, homosexuality is deemed as illegal and is punishable by the law. Therefore, this essay will attempt to use some theories such as the queer theory and the urban theory in order to explain the relation between sexuality and the city. On that note, it is significant to observe that the battle for sexuality rights have been waged since the early 70s. For example, lesbians and gays made a fundamental achievement in the formation of Gay Liberation and Women’s Liberation movements. This led to complete transformation of the sexual landscape in the whole country. Similarly, during that period, gay men and women openly came out to affirm their same-sex eroticism (D’Emilio 123). Alternatively, the appeal concerning sodomy laws also triumphed in more than half the states of America. Furthermore, it led to a limited lifting of stigmatization of gay men and lesbians from federal jobs and civil ri ghts protection. Additionally, with the abolition of homosexuality as a mental illness from the psychiatric standards, the Democratic Party included gay rights in their manifesto platforms. Furthermore, there was the expansion of the gay male subculture, especially in big cities, where they were notable. Lesbian feminists strived to establish alternative cultures and institutions that tried to empower persons of the same sex. In addition, they wanted to create a vision of liberatory nature in a conventional society and set a vision for the coming times. However, with the coming of the 80s, the future seemed to turn bleak for the most hyperactive lesbians and gay men (Knoop 140). In other words, the era almost watered down their efforts that begun during the 60s when they had strategies and goals. It is also critical to observe that the same-sex movement was born out of homosexual desires felt in isolation and without the knowledge of the sufferers. This was mostly in the cities arou nd the 60s when the same-sex movement defined history and become a mythology. Furthermore, during the 60s it was clear to describe what the lesbians and the gay felt because there were neither resources nor acceptance to help them understand their situation. Another arising concept entails issues pertaining to urban theory. This is whereby the generation of wealth in the city is facilitated by the available economic priorities. Urban theory encompasses a collection of social theories that may include neo-classical, modern and classical ones. Therefore, in the context of the social theory, there are driving social forces that drive the economic and political empowerment of the city residents. This is where the issues of sexuality fall because people yearn for sexual freedom and autonomy (Bell and Valentine 153). Alternatively, urban theorists also agree that the freedoms that influence urban planning and development should include everyone irrespective of their uniqueness. It is beca use of these emerging disparities that the queer theory was born in order to counter the pressures of the city stigmatization. Queer theory began in the early 90s as a critical theory of post-structuralism format, and it entails reading of queer texts. This theory takes credit from the early works of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Judith Butler and Lauren Berlant. On the same line, it is

Residential car Essay Example for Free

Residential car Essay In this assignment we will discuss Residential care as a system of care provision in the Ireland. We will also discuss how the intervention may be of support to clients and the different theoretical approaches used. We will list the pros and cons of residential care and discuss the differences between the Private, Public and Voluntary sectors. Although it is generally in the best interest of the child for him or her to be brought up by their own family, it is not always possible as a child’s welfare and safety is paramount to their wellbeing. Residential care is described as care for children who can no longer be cared for by their family in their own home. This may also happen in the case of a child who has been abandoned or orphaned. Where parents are unable to cope due to illness or other problems they may agree to their children being taken into the care of the Health Service Executive (HSE.ie). Residential care refers to care that can be provided in a home (for children in the care of the HSE) staffed by Care Staff. The home or centre is referred to as a children’s residential centre. Residential care may be provided in a HSE run children’s residential centres. Care may also be provided by voluntary organizations on a not for profit basis. In recent years, organizations also provide residential care for young people on a for profit basis. Under the Child Care Act 1991 residential centres have to be registered and inspected by health boards. Centre’s managed directly by the HSE are inspected by the Social Services Inspectorate (SSI) and those centres in the voluntary sector and contracted to the HSE are inspected by nominated appropriate personal. The recent development of the private sector provision of residential centres follows the similar registration and inspection requirements of the voluntary sector. (Lecture notes) The purpose of residential care is to provide a safe, nurturing environment for individual children and young people who cannot live at home or in an alternative family environment. It aims to meet in a planned way the physical, educational, emotional, spiritual, health and social needs of each child. This may include ; working with a young person’s Social Worker and other professionals to prepare a young person for a successful return home, working with a young person’s Social Worker and other professionals to prepare a young person for a successful transition to an agreed placement of choice, working with a young person’s Social Worker and other professionals to prepare a young person for a  successful transition to independent / supported living (Institute of Child Protection Studies) There are many different ways in which residential care can support a child in care. Keyworking is the provision of individualised care for each young person through a named member of the centres staff team. While a keyworker is not solely responsible for the care of the young person it is their responsibility to co-ordinate and ensure that the team focus is on progressing the young persons care plan and the young person’s life in the centre. It is also crucial that the welfare and best interests of resident young people are of paramount consideration in all aspects of the care provided and that the young people in care are provided with an opportunity to feel safe, secure and protected from harm in an environment where they can be sure their primary needs will be met. Childcare act 1991 offers many approaches to meeting the needs of children and their families. Examples of these approaches include emergency care, assessment, short and long term care, respite care also to provide families in difficulty (Child Care Regulations 1996). There are several different theoretical approaches used in residential care.’ A therapeutic intervention is an intentional interaction(s) or event(s) which is expected to contribute to a positive outcome for a child or young person, which is selected on the basis of his/her identiï ¬ ed needs, and which is underpinned by an informed understanding of the potential impact and value of the interaction/event involved’ (Best Practice Guidelines) Attachment theory is an extremely important example. Where children who are placed in the child welfare system have not experienced a secure base with their primary carers it is essential that social care practitioners aim to form this quality of relationship with them which is what is meant by the provision of a ‘second chance secure base’. A secure base is a relationship within which a child or youth feels safe, nourished both physically and emotionally, where s/he is comforted when distressed, reassured when frightened. Aristotle argued that happiness for humans is not possible in the absence of reciprocal, affective relationships or friendships (Sherman 1991). Such relationships for children are only possible in the context of satisfactory attachments which provide for them a secure base from which to explore their environment (Bowlby 1988). Attachment theory emphasises that continuity and sensitive responses to youth in care are key features of the environment of care-giving (Rutter   O’ Connor 1999). Due to persistent relationship problems and patterns, care staff offering a good relationship may not be enough. There may be a need to actively identify abusive relating and encourage and model alternatives. Important principles are: modelling; rewards rather than punishments; and natural consequences and consistently applied limits (Morton et al., 1999, p. 57). Social learning theory together with trauma and non-violence theory can form the basis of models which see the whole environment as a therapeutic agent (Abramovitz Bloom, 2003). A social care worker needs to have a variety of skills and qualities when working in a residential home with vulnerable clients. The care worker needs to be open minded and non-judgemental, a good listener, patient, be able to work as part of a team, be understanding and must be flexible and be able to work under pressure or adapt to any changes quickly. Like every situation or care setting there are always pros and cons. The pros of residential care include: Residential Care is seen as a secure environment. Children get to build relationships with others Regulated by HSE to ensure the best possible care and services are given Activities are arranged The child’s needs are met and there is consistent care givenThe Cons of a residential care setting include: The child may feel neglected or unwanted and see themselves as being institutionalised. Often required to do things at set times May not always have a choice who they share rooms with and may not be compatible Limited living space and private space  A good care provider may not be good at property management and maintenance and vice versa (housingoptions.org.uk) Residential homes are operational under the three sectors which are public, private and voluntary. The public sector is defined as the whole of the activities, organisations, institutions or services, for which the state or its representatives can be regarded as the employer, and whereby the organisation, the goals and the operation thereof are determined by public authorities and underpinned by public funding.( www.eurofound.europa.eu) The Private Sector is the part of the economy that is not fully state controlled  and is run by individuals or groups of people. In the case of residential homes an example of a private run care home is Daffodil Care services. Although this is a private run service it is still monitored by the Health Service Executive. The final sector is the voluntary sector, which has ‘pioneered the provision of services, with the state becoming involved in a supportive role at a later stage’. In many instances voluntary organisations supplement the b asic services provided by the state. Depending on the type of activity engaged in, there are different sources of funding for voluntary organisations. These include the European Social Fund and Lottery Funding. The main sources of recurrent funds for the majority of voluntary organisations providing welfare services are health boards. Section 65 of the Health Act, 1953 provides that health authorities may support organisations providing services similar to those of the health authority. (Curry 2003) Conclusion In conclusion to this assignment we have discussed Residential Care as a whole and shows how theoretical approaches are used and also gives us a clear understanding of the three different sectors. Residential care will always be needed in society to ensure the care for children who may not have any other options or resources available. Reference List: Curry, J (2003). Irish Social Services, 4th ed. Dublin : British Library Best practice guidelines(2009)best practice guidelines for the use and implementation of therapeutic interventions for children and young people in out of home care [online] available:http://www.caab.ie/Publications/PDFsPublications/Guidance-Documents/CAAB-Best-Prac-Guide-hteraputice-Inter.aspx[6th December 2011]. Evergreenconsultantsinhumanbehaviour[online]http://attachmenttherapy.com/adult.htm[6th December 2011].